[Exploration of GAO Shu-zhong's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion].

This paper summarizes professor GAO Shu-zhong's academic thought of acupuncture and moxibustion. Professor GAO studies classic literature and clarifies the authentic Chinese medicine from the origin. He provides the unique understandings on the theories, e.g "four passes", gaohuang, the flowing rule of nutrient and defensive qi, lung governing management and regulation and moxibustion for sinking of qi. By analyzing the differences in diagnosis and treatment between acupuncture and herbal medication therapies and exploring the syndrome/pattern differentiation, he advocates the rules of disorder differentiation and treatment in clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion, creates GAO 's three-promotion theory and summarizes the characteristic diagnostic methods. He proposes novel statement, perfects theoretic system and creates GAO's extra points. He puts forward that the human acupoint system should be reconstructed to compose of two systems, i.e. meridian acupoints and collateral acupoints systems. Professor GAO pays the attention to acupuncture techniques, proposes a trinity needling technique, "pulse diagnosis, acupoint detection and qi differentiation under needle", and applies different needling techniques in treatment accordingly. He thinks highly of moxibustion, especially umbilicus moxibustion therapy, which has been used widely in practice. Besides, professor GAO provides the comprehensive methods flexibly, with acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medication in combination.

[Exploration of professor ZHANG Shan-chen's academic thoughts].

Professor ZHANG Shan-chen's clinical experience and academic thoughts in the field of acupuncture are summarized. Professor ZHANG stresses on theoretical exploration and has written Zhenjiu Jiayijing Shuxue Chongji, published a series of articles on textual research and expounded the nomenclature of acupoints. He believes that clinical practice should be guided by theory and the comprehensive syndrome differentiation be emphasized. Hence, a holistic idea should be cultivated, in which, the human body is considered as an organic whole and should be adaptive to the nature. Based on the theory above, the diagnosis can be determined and the effective treatment be received. He suggests selecting few acupoints, identifying the deficiency from the excess so as to determine the reinforcing or replenishing method and exerting appropriate needling manipulation. Additionally, the response should be enhanced on the identification of deqi after needle insertion. Moreover, a great consideration is laid on the clinical trial and application of moxibustion, which is complemented with acupuncture technique each other and mutually conductive to the clinical effect.

Exploration of professor ZHANG Shan-chen's academic thoughts / 中国针灸

Professor ZHANG Shan-chen's clinical experience and academic thoughts in the field of acupuncture are summarized. Professor ZHANG stresses on theoretical exploration and has written Zhenjiu Jiayijing Shuxue Chongji, published a series of articles on textual research and expounded the nomenclature of acupoints. He believes that clinical practice should be guided by theory and the comprehensive syndrome differentiation be emphasized. Hence, a holistic idea should be cultivated, in which, the human body is considered as an organic whole and should be adaptive to the nature. Based on the theory above, the diagnosis can be determined and the effective treatment be received. He suggests selecting few acupoints, identifying the deficiency from the excess so as to determine the reinforcing or replenishing method and exerting appropriate needling manipulation. Additionally, the response should be enhanced on the identification of deqi after needle insertion. Moreover, a great consideration is laid on the clinical trial and application of moxibustion, which is complemented with acupuncture technique each other and mutually conductive to the clinical effect.

[Puzzle Solution of the compilation and circulation of Classics on Acupuncture and Plain Questions].

Through mining and collecting the compiling thought of Miraculous Pivot (《》) and Plain Questions (《》), which were handed down from ancient times, it is discovered that these two ancient works refer to two components of one integrity book. With regard to the character and relationship, Miraculous Pivot is the main section and the essence, focusing on theoretic innovation. "Writing" is predominated in its statement. Plain Questions is the supplementary opinions to the main section, containing clinical application and material collection. "Compiling" is predominated in its statement. Both of two works were completed between the late Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. The author was a leading scholar and had worked in a national library for a long time. Before the Song Dynasty, Plain Questions had been widely circulated, while the spreading of Miraculous Pivot was limited. In the process of inheritance, some of the content of these two works were lost or supplemented, and the chapters were disarranged or adjusted artificially. But, in general, the original is not distorted seriously, especially the essential section, Miraculous Pivot.

[Relationship between DOU Han-qing of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty and Taoist].

In order to explore the culture factors of the construction of acupuncture theory of DOU Han-qing, the medical master of the Jin and Yuan Dynasty, the authors studied the relationship between DOU Han-qing and Taoist by collecting DOU 's life material. With manual retrieval, some ancient historical literature was obtained. Additionally, Yijing Huiyuan: Zhenjiu Yuanshu: Dou Taishi Michuan Mihua Zhenjing Qiongyao Baojian, written by WU Jia-yan in the Ming Dynasty, collected in Japan, was analyzed. It was found that DOU Han-qing's acupuncture and moxibustion was influenced by Suwen Wangpian: Cifalun, the Taoism medicine of the early stage of the Song Dynasty, as well as by Jiaojing Baxue, passed on by SONG Zi-hua, the hermit. DOU Han-qing had been in contact with FAN Zhi-ying of the Taoist, but there was no clear record relevant with medicine. Dou Taishi Michuan Mihua Zhenjing Qiongyao Baojian may be the compilation by Taoism medical master, on the base DOU 's acupuncture and moxibustion. There is a kind of mutual influence and mutual promotion relationship between DOU Han-qing and Taoist.

[Relationship between the residual Jingmai in Tianhui medical slips and Jingmai in Lingshu].

Except the complete literature of Maishu: Xiajing, Tianhui medical slips unearthed in Chengdu also include a part of literature document on meridian, which was seriously damaged. Both of them were found in the same box together with Yimashu. The title of the document chapter was not found in the residual medical slips. By investigated the textual content, it was discovered that such medical slips were different from the Mawangdui silk books, i.e. Yinyang Shiyimai Jiujing and Zubi Shiyimai Jiujing, Maishu of Zhangjiashan bamboo slips of Han Dynasty, as well as Maishu: Xiajing in Tianhui medical slips. But, the sentences in description are similar to the sentences of Jingmai in Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot), therefore, this residual slips was named as Jingmai (Meridian) by the collator. In the paper, by the comparison of this residual slip chapter with the unearthed literature document on meridian as well as Jingmai in Lingshu, the origin and evolution of meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the Qin and Han dynasties were explained. By taking it as an example, the construction process of classical theory of traditional Chinese medicine was explored.

Nurses and Holistic Modalities: The History of Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture.

Holistic nursing practices holism and holistic modalities to create a healing space and optimize the healing process. Holistic nurses employ a complementary and integrative focus in their work and help patients access their greatest healing potential. This article supports that nursing professionals embrace acupuncture and alternative therapy as a great gift that inspire them to extend their already extraordinary healing power. An overview of the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the development and milestones of acupuncture and moxibustion in past dynasties is presented. In particular, the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine and acupuncture in the last 20 years, as well as how social and economic conditions have impacted their expansion, is discussed.

[Chinese medicine/acupuncture: historical notes on the colonization of a body of knowledge]. / Medicina chinesa/acupuntura: apontamentos históricos sobre a colonização de um saber.

Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.

O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.

Medicina chinesa/acupuntura: apontamentos históricos sobre a colonização de um saber / Chinese medicine/acupuncture: historical notes on the colonization of a body of knowledge

Resumo O colonialismo ocidental influenciou, a partir do século XIX, o encontro entre saberes tradicional e moderno, resultando na sobreposição da medicina ocidental como modo privilegiado de conhecimento. Em 1958 oficializou-se, sob o nome de medicina tradicional chinesa, a hibridização entre as medicinas chinesa e ocidental e, por meio do desenvolvimento da pesquisa biomédica sobre a acupuntura, cresceu o distanciamento do saber tradicional. Este ensaio aborda mudanças históricas sofridas pela medicina chinesa/acupuntura e discute, sob a óptica pós-colonial, os efeitos de sua absorção pela racionalidade médica moderna. Concluiu-se que o cientificismo na medicina chinesa não ampliou seu potencial terapêutico e resultou na perda de sua autoridade epistemológica.

Abstract Western colonialism influenced the encounter between traditional and modern knowledge from the nineteenth century onwards, resulting in the overlapping of Western medicine as a privileged form of knowledge. In 1958 the hybridization between Chinese and Western medicines became official under the name of traditional Chinese medicine and, through the development of biomedical research on acupuncture, it distanced itself from traditional knowledge. This essay presents historical changes experienced by Chinese medicine/acupuncture and discusses the effects of its absorption by modern medical reasoning from a postcolonial standpoint. The conclusion was that the scientism of Chinese medicine did not broaden its therapeutic potential and resulted in the loss of its epistemological authority.

[Contribution of Jiusheng by ZHOU Meisheng to moxibustion].

Mr. ZHOU Meisheng was a famous acupuncturist in China. He succeeded the acupuncture from his family in childhood, and practiced acupuncture strictly with insightful and original perspective. The Jiusheng, one of his magnum opus, proposed innovative ideas in the theory and clinical practice of moxibustion, such as revival of moxibustion, three phases of moxibustion sensation, moxibustion for heat syndromes. In this article, the contribution of Jiusheng to moxibustion was discussed from background of compiling this book, poem and medical cases, explanation on moxibustion theory and practice and its effects on later ages.

[Version and compilation of Harikyuuhousouyou of Vietnamese medical book].

Harikyuuhousouyou （《》）was written in 1827 and the author is unknown. The book has only one version which is collected by the National Library of Vietnam. The book contains one volume and includes contraindication of acupuncture and moxibustion, meridian points, point locations, indications and the therapeutic methods at extraordinary points. They are mainly cited from Zhen Jiu Da Quan (《》Great Compendium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by XU Feng, Yi Xue Ru Men (《》Elementary Medicine) by LI Chan and Shou Shi Bao Yuan (《》 Longevity and Health Preservation) by GONG Tingxian in the Ming Dynasty. In the paper, in view of the characteristics of version and compilation, the hand-coped book was introduced. It was explored that Vietnam acupuncture absorbed Chinese medicine and emphasized clinical practice rather than theoretic statement.

[The relationship between acupuncture-moxibustion theory of DOU Hanqing and Neo- Confucianism].

For the construction factors of acupuncture-moxibustion theory of DOU Hanqing, a doctor in Jin-Yuan Dynasty, we studied his life, acupuncture-moxibustion theory and culture background in the History of Medicine and Philosophy of Science & Technology. It was found that the major source of DOU Hanqing' s Confucianism was the CHENG-ZHU Neo-Confucianism. The data show that Neo-Confucianism played an important role in the enrichment of his human nature, spirit, moral cultivation and political talent, making him a scholar in the Jin-Yuan dynasty, also shaping his medical ethics, medical skill and acupuncture-moxibustion theory. The inheritance, development and application of CHENG-ZHU Neo-Confucianism provided the most fundamental thinking, research methods and patterns for DOU Hanqing to interpret the acupuncture classics, summarize his teachers' experience and develop his theoretical system. DOU Hanqing' s acupuncture-moxibustion practice and theory reached a new level, because he took acupuncture-moxibustion as one of the knowledge investigation and attainment of CHENG-ZHU Neo-Confucianism.

[Acupuncture techniques recorded in the Tianhui bamboo slips of medicine in the tomb of the Han Dynasty].

Ci Shu was nominated after the collection of the bamboo slips of medicine unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty in Tiahui county, Chengdu of Sichuan Province. It is the special chapter on the therapeuticmethods of acupuncture, providing the valuable new historical evidences for the study on the inheritance and evolution of acupuncture in TCM. In the paper, using the cross-proof method among the unearthed literature, the inherited literatures and the unearthed relics, the ancient acupuncture techniques at the early Western Han Dynasty were explored. It was discovered that the manipulations of the different needling techniques, such as pulse needling and intermuscular needling, as well as the forms of the needling tools provided the evidences to the Nine Needles recorded in Lingshu (Miraculous Pivot) and the archaeological discovery. There were many acupuncture prescriptions, reflecting the needling methods recorded in Shiji: Canggong Zhuan (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of CANG Gong) and Suwen: Miuci Lun (Plain Questions: On Contralateral Puncture) as well as Bianque needling chart, the stone portrait of the Han Dynasty. The close combination between the acupuncture needling techniques and the pulse diagnosis indicates the theoretic essence of the meridian medicine at the ancient time.

[Development and inheritance of ZHENG's acupuncture school].

ZHENG's acupuncture school in Gansu,represented by ZHENG Yulin and ZHENG Kuishan,is of great influence in China. ZHENG's acupuncture school originated from Huangdi Neijing(Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor) and Nanjing(Classic of Questioning),and shaped around Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. Professor ZHENG Kuishan has formed a unique "ZHENG's acupuncture" diagnosis and treatment system by inheritance and innovation. He clinically paid attention to basic training,obtaining qi and keeping spirit,as well as syndrome differentiation,reinforcing and reducing. Also,he took the priority the pressing hand with bilaterally needle manipulation. Besides,he thought important simplicity,innovation and acupoints selecting according to time. We inherited ZHENG's acupuncture from his family,teachers'techniques,international communication,college and university education and scientific research. In this article we prescribe the development,the inheritance and the protection measures of ZHENG's acupuncture school in terms of its origination,academic thought,and inheritance research,etc.,so as to provide references for further study and inheritance.

[Study on the excavated wooden carved acupuncture statue of the Western Han Dynasty in Laoguanshan].

The painted red lines on the wooden carved acupuncture statue of Western Han Dynasty in Laoguanshan, illustrate the running courses of the"eleven meridians"on the body surface in the early meridian doctrine. The carved white lines show the body surface running courses of the"twelve meridians"in the meridian doctrine and the Sanjiao images in Sanjiao doctrine. The dots on the wooden carved acupuncture statue are of two categories, one of them is of regulatory, round and concave spots, which are carved before the process of lacquer undercoat. The other category is of different sizes and in irregular forms, which are carved simultaneously with those white lines. Altogether there are over one hundred dots in these two categories, representing the mai shu (transport point of vessels). The wooden carved acupuncture statue reflects the distinct characteristics on the running courses of meridians, Sanjiao doctrine, the nomenclature and localization of"mai shu"in Bianque medicine, which provides the most powerful evidence for the confirmation of the correlation between Laoguanshan excavated documents and Bianque medicine.

[Exploration on the history of acupuncture in Chinese Buddhist Canon].

It is believed that acupuncture science of Buddhist medicine has a long history and great characteristics after the investigation, research and analysis on the historic literature of acupuncture in Chinese Buddhist Canon. The writers tried to give the statements from 4 aspects. 1. Science of acupuncture in the time of Buddha. Firstly, the Buddhist acupuncture was mentioned in the time of Buddha, including substantial acupuncture, finger acupuncture and mental acupuncture. The substantial acupuncture refers to metal needle, plant needle, stone needle, bone needle, etc. Finger acupuncture means taking finger as a needle. Mental acupuncture implies that the Buddhism idea is considered in acupuncture. Secondly, the Buddhist medicine is the combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine. The needle box had become the necessity of the medical scholars in traveling. 2. Achievements of medical Buddhists in dynasties. In the paper, 33 medical Buddhists were listed, such as AN Shigao, YU Fakai, etc. They made the great contributions to the development of Buddhist medicine of acupuncture. 3. The characteristics of Buddhist acupuncture in clinical diagnosis and treatment. 1) The combination of acupuncture and herbal medicine and this mutual supplementation; 2) Mutual treatment of acupuncture and psychological therapy; 3) Remarkable therapeutic effects of specific acupuncture techniques, such as Yan needling technique and acupotomy; 4) Medical cases of Buddhist acupuncture; and 5) Precaution of misdiagnosis and prevention of mistreatment. 4. The penetrating statement of acupuncture techniques by the Buddhists in dynasties. 1) The cause-effect theory is introduced in treatment and diagnosis by medical Buddhists. The effectiveness is achieved through causality system. 2) Cataract is treated with gold needle. 3) The medical master is not qualified if nothing to know on acupuncture. The authors believe that the substantial acupuncture techniques need to be further studied and the non-substantial one requests us to be perceived.

[Impact of Japanese Medical Acupuncture Literature Introduced Before 1949 on Development of Chinese Acupuncture-moxibustion].

The literature of Japanese medical acupuncture introduced before 1949 has a definite impact on Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion in the period of Republic of China and the early period of the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In the present paper, the authors introduce its impact from: 1) Chinese medical works on acupuncture and moxibustion absorbed a lot of western medicine knowledge, and interpreted some underlying mechanisms chiefly according to the theory of nerve, blood and endocrine, including the meridian-collateral theory based on the structures of blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, etc.; 2) In some Chinese clinical books, some Japanese new techniques as "tube-needling" (sparrow-pecking needling, etc.) were introduced, the acupuncture treatment of disorders was discussed from the nomenclature of western medicine and some operative standards (dissection of acupuncture needles, etc.) in clinical practice were accepted; 3) Some western medicine courses, and subject settings were introduced in Chinese acupuncture education. In general, Japanese acupuncture literature introduced before 1949 promotes integration of traditional acupuncture theory and western medicine in the early period of new China, enriches practical techniques in clinical practice and accelerates the development of acupuncture education in some way.

Chronological Review on Scientific Findings of Bonghan System and Primo Vascular System.

In 1962, Bonghan Kim in North Korea published a report on a new vascular system in mammals, which he claimed as the acupuncture meridian. He soon named it the Bonghan System. Between 1962 and 1965, he published five reports, with detailed descriptions on the system. Kim also described the self-regenerating nature of a unique cell type Sanals in the system and these cells are now confirmed to be a type of stem cells. According to his findings, the system appears to have vital roles in maintaining mammalian lives. Kim disappeared in around 1965 and the research on this system also completely stopped. In 2002, Kwang-Sup Soh reported re-discovery of the system and, since then, his team has been leading the research on the system. The Soh team has confirmed many of Kim's findings to be valid, although so many of Kim's results are still to be verified. In 2010, the system was renamed the Primo Vascular System (PVS). Soh and researchers trained by Soh have also been reporting new scientific facts on the system. The PVS exists throughout the entire body, including inside the blood and lymphatic vessels. Recent reports revealed more evidence for it to be the acupuncture meridian, where some acupuncture therapies are applied for the blood pressure control. Thus, the PVS is expected to have roles in the oxygen transport in tissues. Many study results also suggest that the PVS may have roles in body homeostasis and regeneration. This article chronologically reviews Kim's scientific findings on the Bonghan System, which were verified by the PVS scientists (after 2000), and also the new findings reported by the PVS scientists.

[Qijie theory of LAI's Tongyuan acupuncture technique].

Qijie theory is one of the important components of TCM meridian and collateral system. It is the shortcut for the communication from the exterior to the interior and for the transverse connection, strengthens the therapeutic effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the disorders of internal organs and enlarges the indications of acupoints. Professor LAI Xinsheng originally creats Tongyuan acupuncture technique. It is a kind of acupuncture therapeutic methods, including promoting the circulation of the governor vessel, regulating the mind and conducting qi to the origin. In order to analyze the connection between Tongyuan acupuncture technique and traditional meridian and collateral theory, the connotations of Tongyuan acupuncture technique and qijie, as well as the in-terrelationship between them are taken as the basis in the paper. By tracing the literature records, the original concept of qijie is detected. Through proving clinically Tongyuan acupuncture technique, it is revealed that qijie is the arrowhead on the main road of meridian qi circulation and is the essential connotation of the direct path of the body surface connecting with the deep layers of the body as well as the zangfu organs and tissues. It is summarized that the traditional qijie theory provides the powerful theoretic evidence for the treatment with Tongyuan acupuncture technique.